{"Id":745,"Name":"Jean-Francois Millet","Biography":"\u003Cstrong\u003EMILLET, JEAN FRANCOIS (1814-1875)\u003C/strong\u003E, French painter, who came of a peasant family, was born on the 4th of October 1814 in the hamlet of Gruchy, near Greville (La Manche), in the wild and picturesque district called La Hague. His boyhood was passed working in his father\u0027s fields, but the sight of the engravings in an old illustrated Bible set him drawing, and thenceforth, whilst the others slept, the daily hour of rest was spent by Millet in trying to render the familiar scenes around him. From the village priest the lad learnt to read the Bible and Virgil in Latin, and acquired an interest in one or two other works of a high class which accompanied him through life; he did not, however, attract attention so much by his acquirements as by the stamp of his mind. The whole family seems, indeed, to have worn a character of austerity and dignity, and when Millet\u0027s father finally decided to test the vocation of his son as an artist, it was with a gravity and authority which recalls the patriarchal households of Calvinist France. Two drawings were prepared and placed before a painter at Cherbourg named Bon Du Mouchel, who at once recognized the boy\u0027s gifts, and accepted him as a pupil; but shortly after (1835) Millet\u0027s father died, and the eldest son, with heroic devotion, took his place at home, nor did he return to his work until the pressing calls from without were solemnly enforced by the wishes of his own family. He accordingly went back to Cherbourg, but after a short time spent there with another master (Lucien-Th\u0026eacute;ophile Langlois) started with many misgivings for Paris. The council-general of the department had granted him a sum of 600 francs, and the town council promised an annual pension of 400, but in spite of friendly help and introductions Millet went through great difficulties. The system of the Ecole des Beaux Arts was hateful to him, and it was not until after much hesitation that he decided to enter an official studio, that of \u003Ca href=\u0022/asp/database/art.asp?aid=49\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022 class=\u0022link\u0022\u003EDelaroche\u003C/a\u003E. The master was certainly puzzled by his pupil; he saw his ability, and, when Millet in his poverty could not longer pay the monthly fees, arranged for his free admission to the studio, but he tried in vain to make him take the approved direction, and lessons ended with \u0022Eh, bien, allez a votre guise, vous htes (?) si nouveau pour moi que je ne veux rien vous dire\u0022 (\u0022Eh, well, go have your own way, you (?) so new to me that I have nothing to say to you\u0022). At last, when the competition for the Grand Prix came on, Delaroche gave Millet to understand that he intended to secure the nomination of another, and thereupon Millet withdrew himself, and with his friend Marolle started in a little studio in the Rue de l\u0027Est. He had renounced the beaten track, but he continued to study hard whilst he sought to procure bread by painting portraits at 10 or 15 francs apiece and producing small pastiches of \u003Ca href=\u0022/asp/database/art.asp?aid=628\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022 class=\u0022link\u0022\u003EWatteau\u003C/a\u003E and \u003Ca href=\u0022/asp/database/art.asp?aid=366\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022 class=\u0022link\u0022\u003EBoucher\u003C/a\u003E. In 1840 Millet went back to Greville, where he painted \u003Cu\u003ESailors Mending a Sail\u003C/u\u003E and a few other picture reminiscences of Cherbourg life.\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003EHis first success was obtained in 1844, when his \u003Cu\u003EMilkwoman\u003C/u\u003E and \u003Cu\u003ELesson in Riding\u003C/u\u003E (pastel) attracted notice at the Salon, and friendly artists presented themselves at his lodgings only to learn that his wife had just died, and that he himself had disappeared. Millet was at Cherbourg; there he remarried, but having amassed a few hundred francs he went back to Paris and presented his \u003Cu\u003ESt Jerome\u003C/u\u003E at the Salon of 1845. This picture was rejected and exists no longer, for Millet, short of canvas, painted over it \u003Cu\u003EOedipus Unbound\u003C/u\u003E, a work which during the following year was the object of violent criticism. He was, however, no longer alone; \u003Ca href=\u0022/asp/database/art.asp?aid=62\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022 class=\u0022link\u0022\u003EDiaz\u003C/a\u003E, Eugene Tourneux, \u003Ca href=\u0022/asp/database/art.asp?aid=458\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022 class=\u0022link\u0022\u003ERousseau\u003C/a\u003E, and other men of note supported him by their confidence and friendship, and he had by his side the brave Catherine Lemaire, his second wife, a woman who bore poverty with dignity and gave courage to her husband through the cruel trials in which he penetrated by a terrible personal experience the bitter secrets of the very poor. To this date belong Millet\u0027s \u003Cu\u003EGolden Age\u003C/u\u003E, \u003Cu\u003EBird Nesters\u003C/u\u003E, \u003Cu\u003EYoung Girl and Lamb\u003C/u\u003E, and \u003Cu\u003EBathers\u003C/u\u003E; but to the \u003Cu\u003EBathers\u003C/u\u003E (Louvre) succeeded \u003Cu\u003EThe Mother Asking Alms\u003C/u\u003E, \u003Cu\u003EThe Workmans\u0027 Monday\u003C/u\u003E, and \u003Cu\u003EThe Winnower\u003C/u\u003E. This last work, exhibited in 5848, obtained conspicuous success, but did not sell till Ledru Rollin, informed of the painter\u0027s dire distress, gave him 500 francs for it, and accompanied the purchase with a commission, the money for which enabled Millet to leave Paris for Barbizon, a village on the skirts of the forest of Fontainebleau. There he settled in a three-roomed cottage for the rest of his life of twenty-seven years, in which he wrought out the perfect story of that peasant life of which he alone has given a complete impression. \u003Ca href=\u0022/asp/database/art.asp?aid=409\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022 class=\u0022link\u0022\u003EJules Breton\u003C/a\u003E has coloured the days of toil with sentiment; others, like \u003Ca href=\u0022/asp/database/art.asp?aid=746\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022 class=\u0022link\u0022\u003ECourbet\u003C/a\u003E, whose eccentric \u003Cu\u003EFuneral at Ornans\u003C/u\u003E attracted more notice at the Salon of 1850 than Millet\u0027s \u003Cu\u003ESowers\u003C/u\u003E and \u003Cu\u003EBinders\u003C/u\u003E, have treated similar subjects as a vehicle for protest against social misery; Millet alone, a peasant and a miserable one himself, saw true, neither softening nor exaggerating what he saw. In a curious letter written to M. Sensier at this date (1850) Millet expressed his resolve to break once and for all with mythological and undraped subjects, and the names of the principal works painted subsequently will show how steadfastly this resolution was kept. In 1852 he produced \u003Cu\u003EGirls Sewing\u003C/u\u003E, \u003Cu\u003EMan Spreading Manure\u003C/u\u003E (1853), \u003Cu\u003EThe Reapers\u003C/u\u003E (1854), Church at Greville (1855) the year of the International Exhibition, at which he received a medal of second class \u003Cu\u003EPeasant Grafting a Tree\u003C/u\u003E (1857), \u003Cu\u003EThe Gleaners\u003C/u\u003E (1859), \u003Cu\u003EThe Angelus\u003C/u\u003E, \u003Cu\u003EThe Woodcutter and Death\u003C/u\u003E (1860), \u003Cu\u003ESheep Shearing\u003C/u\u003E (1861), \u003Cu\u003EWoman Shearing Sheep\u003C/u\u003E, \u003Cu\u003EWoman Feeding Child\u003C/u\u003E (1862), \u003Cu\u003EPotato Planters\u003C/u\u003E, \u003Cu\u003EWinter and the Crows\u003C/u\u003E (1863), \u003Cu\u003EMan with Hoe\u003C/u\u003E, \u003Cu\u003EWoman Carding\u003C/u\u003E (1864), \u003Cu\u003EShepherds and Flock\u003C/u\u003E, \u003Cu\u003EPeasants Bringing Home a Calf Born in the Fields\u003C/u\u003E (1869), \u003Cu\u003EKnitting Lesson\u003C/u\u003E (1870), \u003Cu\u003EButtermaking\u003C/u\u003E (1871), \u003Cu\u003ENovember recollection of Gruchy\u003C/u\u003E. Any one of these works will show how great an influence Millet\u0027s previous practice in the nude had upon his style. The dresses worn by his figures are not clothes, but drapery through which the forms and movements of the body are strongly felt, and their contour shows a grand breadth of line which strikes the eye at once. Something of the imposing unity of his work was also, no doubt, due to an extraordinary power of memory, which enabled Millet to paint (like \u003Ca href=\u0022/asp/database/art.asp?aid=2331\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022 class=\u0022link\u0022\u003EHorace Vernet\u003C/a\u003E) without a model; he could recall with precision the smallest details of attitudes or gestures which he proposed to represent. Thus he could count on presenting free from afterthoughts the vivid impressions which he had first received, and Millet\u0027s nature was such that the impressions which he received were always of a serious and often of a noble order, to which the character of his execution responded so perfectly that even a \u003Cu\u003EWasherwoman at her Tub\u003C/u\u003E will show the grand action of a Medea. The drawing of this subject is reproduced in \u003Cu\u003ESouvenirs de Barbizon\u003C/u\u003E, a pamphlet in which M. Pidagnel has recorded a visit paid to Millet in 1864. His circumstances were then less evil, after struggles as severe as those endured in Paris. A contract by which he bound himself in 1860 to give up all his work for three years had placed him in possession of 1000 francs a month. His fame extended, and at the exhibition of 1867 he received a medal of the first class, and the ribbon of the Legion of Honour, but he was at the same moment deeply shaken by the death of his faithful friend Rousseau. Though he rallied for a time he never completely recovered his health, and on the 20th of January 1875 he died. He was buried by his friends side in the churchyard of Chailly. His pictures, like those of the rest of the Barbizon school, have since greatly .increased in value.\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cu\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ESelect Bibliography:\u003C/strong\u003E\u003C/u\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cli type=\u0022square\u0022\u003ESensier, A. \u003Cu\u003EVie et oeuvre de J. F. Millet\u003C/u\u003E. 1874.\u003Cli type=\u0022square\u0022\u003EPidagnel. \u003Cu\u003ESouvenirs de Barbizon, \u0026c\u003C/u\u003E. 1876.\u003Cli type=\u0022square\u0022\u003EThomson, D. C. \u003Cu\u003EThe Barbizon School\u003C/u\u003E. 1891.\u003Cli type=\u0022square\u0022\u003EMuther, Richard. \u003Cu\u003EJ. F. Millet\u003C/u\u003E. 1905.\u003Cli type=\u0022square\u0022\u003EGensel. \u003Cu\u003EMillet und Rousseau\u003C/u\u003E. 1902.\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cu\u003ESource:\u003C/u\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E Entry on the artist in the \u003Ca href=\u0022http://48.1911encyclopedia.org/M/MI/MILLET_JEAN_FRANCOIS_1814_1875_.htm\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022\u003E1911 Edition Encyclopedia\u003C/a\u003E.\u003Cp\u003E","Awards":null,"HasAlbums":false,"HasPortraits":true,"HasRelationships":true,"HasArticles":false,"HasDepictedPlaces":true,"HasLetters":false,"HasLibraryItems":true,"HasProducts":true,"HasSignatures":false,"HasVideos":false,"HasMapLocations":true,"TotalArtworks":117}