{"Id":647,"Name":"Gerrit van Honthorst","Biography":"\u003Cstrong\u003EHONTHORST, GERRIT VAN (1590-1656)\u003C/strong\u003E, Dutch painter of Utrecht, was brought up at the school of Bloemart, who exchanged the style of the Franckens for that of the pseudo-Italians at the beginning of the 16th century. Infected thus early with a mania which came to be very general in Holland, Honthorst went to Italy, where he copied the naturalism and eccentricities of \u003Ca href=\u0022/asp/database/art.asp?aid=589\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022 class=\u0022link\u0022\u003EMichelangelo da Caravaggio\u003C/a\u003E. Home again about 1614, after acquiring a considerable practice in Rome, he set up a school at Utrecht which flourished exceedingly; and he soon became so fashionable that Sir Dudley Carleton, then English envoy at the Hague, recommended his works to the earl of Arundel and Lord Dorchester. At the same time the queen of Bohemia, sister of Charles I and electress palatine, being an exile in Holland, gave him her countenance and asked him to teach her children drawing; and Honthorst, thus approved and courted, became known to Charles I, who invited him to England. There he painted several portraits, and a vast allegory, now at Hampton Court, of Charles and his queen as Diana and Apollo in the clouds receiving the duke of Buckingham as Mercury and guardian of the king of Bohemia\u0027s children. Charles I, whose taste was flattered alike by the energy of \u003Ca href=\u0022/asp/database/art.asp?aid=85\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022 class=\u0022link\u0022\u003ERubens\u003C/a\u003E and the elegance of \u003Ca href=\u0022/asp/database/art.asp?aid=121\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022 class=\u0022link\u0022\u003EVan Dyck\u003C/a\u003E, was thus first captivated by the fanciful mediocrity of Honthorst, who though a poor executant had luckily for himself caught, as Lord Arundel said, much of the manner of Caravaggio\u0027s coloring, then so much esteemed at Rome. It was his habit to transmute every subject into a night scene, from the Nativity, for which there was warrant in the example of Correggio, to the penitence of the Magdalen, for which there was no warrant at all. But unhappily this caprice, though sublime in \u003Ca href=\u0022/asp/database/art.asp?aid=2073\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022 class=\u0022link\u0022\u003EAllegri\u003C/a\u003E [Correggio] and \u003Ca href=\u0022/asp/database/art.asp?aid=92\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022 class=\u0022link\u0022\u003ERembrandt\u003C/a\u003E, was but a phantasm in the hands of Honthorst, whose prosaic pencil was not capable of more than vulgar utterances, and art gained little from the repetition of these quaint vagaries. Sandrart gave the measure of Honthorst\u0027s popularity at this period when he says that he had as many as twenty apprentices at one time, each of whom paid him a fee of 100 forms a year. In 1623 he was president of his guild at Utrecht. After that he went to England, returning to settle anew at Utrecht, where he married. His position amongst artists was acknowledged to be important, and in 1626 he received a visit from Rubens, whom he painted as the honest man sought for and found by Diogenes Honthorst. In his home at Utrecht Honthorst succeeded in preserving the support of the English monarch, for whom he finished in 1631 a large picture of the king and queen of Bohemia and all their children. For Lord Dorchester about the same period he completed some illustrations of the Odyssey; for the king of Denmark he composed incidents of Danish history, of which one example remains in the gallery of Copenhagen. In the course of a large practice he had painted many likenesses Charles I and his queen, the duke of Buckingham, and the king and queen of Bohemia. He now became court painter to the princess of Orange\u003C/a\u003E, settled (1637) at the Hague, and painted in succession at the Castle of Ryswick and the House in the Wood. The time not consumed in producing pictures was devoted to portraits. Even now his works are very numerous, and amply represented in English and Continental galleries. His most attractive pieces are those in which he cultivates the style of Caravaggio, those, namely, which represent taverns, with players, singers and eaters. He shows great skill in reproducing scenes illuminated by a single candle. But he seems to have studied too much in dark rooms, where the subtleties of flesh color are lost in the dusky smoothness and uniform redness of tints procurable from farthing dips. Of great interest still, though rather sharp in outline and hard in modelling, are his portraits of the Duke of Buckingham and Family (Hampton Court), the King and Queen of Bohemia (Hanover and Combe Abbey), Mary de Medici (Amsterdam town-hall), 1628, the Stadtholders and their Wives (Amsterdam and Hague), Charles Louis and Rupert, Charles I\u0027s nephews (Louvre, St Petersburg, Combe Abbey and Willin), and Lord Craven, (National Portrait Gallery). His early form may be judged by a \u003Cu\u003ELute-player\u003C/u\u003E (1614) at the Louvre, the \u003Cu\u003EMartyrdom of St John\u003C/u\u003E in S. M. della Scala at Rome, or the \u003Cu\u003ELiberation of Peter\u003C/u\u003E in the Berlin Museum; his latest style is that of the \u003Cu\u003EHouse in the Wood\u003C/u\u003E (1648), where he appears to disadvantage by the side of \u003Ca href=\u0022/asp/database/art.asp?aid=912\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022 class=\u0022link\u0022\u003EJordaens\u003C/a\u003E and others.\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003EHonthorst was succeeded by his brother William, born at Utrecht in 1604, who died, it is said, in 1666. He lived chiefly in his native place, temporarily at Berlin. But he has left little behind except a portrait at Amsterdam, and likenesses in the Berlin Museum of William and Mary of England.\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cu\u003ESource:\u003C/u\u003E\u003C/strong\u003E Entry on the artist in the \u003Ca href=\u0022http://94.1911encyclopedia.org/H/HO/HONTHORST_GERARD_VAN.htm\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022\u003E1911 Edition Encyclopedia\u003C/a\u003E.\u003Cp\u003E","Awards":null,"HasAlbums":false,"HasPortraits":true,"HasRelationships":true,"HasArticles":false,"HasDepictedPlaces":false,"HasLetters":false,"HasLibraryItems":false,"HasProducts":false,"HasSignatures":false,"HasVideos":false,"HasMapLocations":true,"TotalArtworks":113}